Membranous nephropathy, also known as membranous glomerulonephritis, is a type of kidney disease that affects the filtering units of the kidneys called glomeruli. It is characterized by the thickening and inflammation of the glomerular basement membrane, which can lead to proteinuria, or the presence of excess protein in the urine, specifically albuminuria.
Albuminuria, the excessive excretion of albumin in urine, is one of the hallmark symptoms of membranous nephropathy. Albumin is an important protein that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances such as hormones, vitamins, and drugs. In healthy individuals, albumin is normally present in small amounts in urine. However, in cases of membranous nephropathy, the glomerular basement membrane becomes permeable, allowing large amounts of albumin to leak into the urine.
The exact cause of membranous nephropathy is unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the glomerular basement membrane. It can also be caused by infections, certain medications, or exposure to environmental toxins.
Other symptoms of membranous nephropathy may include edema or swelling, particularly around the eyes, ankles, and feet; fatigue; and high blood pressure. In some cases, there may be no noticeable symptoms, and the condition is detected during routine medical tests.
Diagnosis of membranous nephropathy involves a physical examination, blood tests, urine tests, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. A kidney biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of kidney tissue for analysis, may also be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for membranous nephropathy typically involves controlling symptoms and managing complications. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be prescribed to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria. Immunosuppressive medications such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab may also be used to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation.
In severe cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary. It is important for individuals with membranous nephropathy to closely monitor their kidney function and maintain a healthy lifestyle to prevent further kidney damage. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider and adherence to prescribed medications are also crucial for managing the condition.
